You know, the fact is that taking care of animals, trying to keep them alive in a building is not an easy thing, especially if it's 1903. Hosted by Lulu Miller and Latif Nasser, Radiolab is a podcast known for using innovative sound design to ask deep questions and investigative journalism to get the answers. And if you haven't, you can choose to have an IUD, or an implant put in which will last for several years. Well, that's the good news, but unfortunately there is some bad news here. SAM KEAN: But this was a really, really tough place to grow up. JAD: I initially felt very hopeful and excited about this research because it seems to suggest that a body, one body can respond to an environment and change and be flexible in a way we didn't think was possible. She did. PAT: Isaiah would sleep and he would scream. Radiolab is a radio program produced by WNYC, a public radio station in New York City, and broadcast on public radio stations in the United States. That's a lot of people. From pneumonia. Wow. ROBERT: So then the one that's in trouble, so thats one of one of eight? You mean, if you had a starving grandfather, you would be a healthier boy for the because you had a starving grandfather? Yes, no, okay, move on to the next cage, yes, no? In my naive mind, I didn't have a clue what a big deal this was. I like you, I get the sense that there's a lot of warmth in you. ", SAM KEAN: "They can respond to the environment.". Anyways, God bless you. Assuming that you can survive the ordeal, and you grow up, and you have kids of your own, the data seems to say that your kids will benefit from your suffering. I mean like, with the licking, is it a teaching thing where, you know, the babies become good mothers because FRANCES CHAMPAGNE: They've seen it and they've repeated the experience. Four or five steps later, we are in JAD: So almost instantaneously, the mother's tongue has reached into the baby's brain cells. ], [ARCHIVAL CLIP, BARBARA HARRIS: I'm going to go out into the streets and offer addicted women money to use birth control. And he would basically turn the heat way, way up in these aquariums until they had to go underwater. JAD: People can't just will themselves into a more perfect form. On the Radiolab website they define the show as follows: "Radiolab is a show about curiosity. RADIOLAB Podcast "Inheritance" Homework Assignment Name: Rohan Desai PSUID: 9 6241 8529 Listen to the first three stories of the "Inheritance" Radiolab Podcast (Control + click on link to access podcast. BARBARA HARRIS: This is 750 and this is 200. BARBARA HARRIS: Light bothered him, noise bothered him. MICHAEL MEANEY: That activates maternal behavior. CARL ZIMMER: She is nine. All right, I'll get in the water." PAT'S MOM: Radiolab is produced by Jad Abumrad. ROBERT: You cant say that. My name is Jean Kean. Who gave Destiny her first checkup told Barbara That she was delayed and she was always going to be delayed because of her prenatal neglect. But I take it that we have more control over our destinies and our kids' destinies than we would've thought. Thanks to Olov Bygren, reporter Pejk Malinovski and Karin Borgkvist Ljung, and I'm a senior archivist at the National Archive in Marieberg in Stockholm. In this episode, originally aired in 2012, we put nature and nurture on a collision course and discover how outside forces can find a way inside us, and change not just our hearts and minds, but the basic biological blueprint that we pass on to future generations. BARBARA HARRIS: I already knew that if I ever got a little girl, I was going to name her Destiny. ], [ARCHIVAL Clip, Daytime Talkshow: You get them $200 each, which they can spend on crack. ROBERT: And there were from the beginning. That was it. You know, you've got all these chemicals around. Baby, be careful. That was amazing. PAT: Barbara says they've reached out to her many times but they never heard back. That's a lot of people. JAD: So heres the backstory. ], I'd like everybody to meet, please, Barbara Harris. JAD: Is that a genetic hatred of whistling that I just had? The next stage, yes, no? My mom needed a girl and, boop! And in 1989, when the story we're telling now started, she was living in California, in Orange County. You know, when smart people say, you know, "There's no such thing as nature and nurture it's only interaction of the two," You're like, "What the hell does that mean?" JAD: How do these simple little traits get passed forward? When I started spending some time with Destiny, Barbara's 22-year-old daughter. JAD: Hey, wait. OLOV BYGREN: It was very interesting discovery. Well, yep, that is so true. And then they're going to basically revel at that particular spot and turn on that gene. The bit of DNA that will give this baby when it grows up the instincts to be nice to its baby, and lick that baby. Did that scare you at all? Do you have any theories for how this tongue is tickling the DNA, or whatever it's doing? PAT WALTERS: Mamaw was the one I'd come to see. JAD: Look, in the end, what do I know? JAD: What can't you? JAD: Stretching got into the baby. It was just no baby should have to come into the world like that. So heres the backstory. Because, you know, that Ive got these two kids, right? We have experts even in very specific fields of study, so you will definitely find a writer who can manage your order. FRANCES CHAMPAGNE: You have to do that for five hours a day for six consecutive days. It might be a mixture. In pictures, he has that, you know, that crazy Einstein fuzzy hair thing. And since Kammerer kept the heat up, toads basically had to stay there, in this watery place that they had not evolved for. DESTINY HARRIS: And right now, I'm student teaching. Once a kid is born, their genetic fate is pretty much sealed. Birth mother's name was actually the same as me, so, Barbara. When Emil gets to be eight, I'm cutting him off. Tell me what your image of a drug-using pregnant woman is. Is that what you're saying? So its like grandpa's struggle is jumping forward and giving me a leg up? OLOV BYGREN: They didn't have grains. As a parent, you are a tiny blip in a very, very, long story. The reason they're more aroused is that the mom's licking activates the release of adrenaline and noradrenaline in the pup. The results are obvious to you. JAD: Now the Sweden story from our last segment left us both feeling a little strange. SAM KEAN: Because theyre reaching for the tops of trees. And again, Barbara thinks, "Come on, but if this little girl is here, she should be with her brother and sister. [ARCHIVAL Clip, News: Who, together, pledged more than $150,000 to her program.]. Then choose either Section II OR Section III and answer all questions in that . JAD: When rats have more of this protein, they will act more motherly. Where we began, they will accomplish. Is that too old?" Professional authors can write an essay in 3 hours, if there is a certain volume, but it must be borne in mind that with such a service the price will be the highest. Because there is more data, more information about the people of verkalix, going farther back into the past than you can find almost anywhere else on Earth. ROBERT: It's a little odd, actually. And I didn't find a single case of someone saying that they regretted what they've done. ROBERT: Which, when you think about it, it has a very Lamarckian flavor. LYNN PALTROW: Tell me what your image of a drug-using pregnant woman is. Were there any consequences? Get personalized recommendations, and learn where to watch across hundreds of streaming providers. Or did I somehow learn that? He's the guy who told us about Olov's work. Kick off certain hormonal systems. ROBERT: Or how much humidity it preferred. She'll be two in January. PAT: She did. ROBERT: What does it look like? MICHAEL MEANEY: So the great rat nightmare comes true where the females become their mothers. Do you know anything about the other four? Why would that happen? How much of you will echo into the future and how much of you won't? There's going to be this massacre of toads and only a few lucky ones are going to survive. That kind of 30 years? If the genes are the bottom floor, then this layer on top is sometimes called the epigenome and that thing can change based on your experiences. Nobody has a right to do that to a baby. I said, "This will be the last one. ROBERT: A few years later, there'd be a harsh winter. I think that's where Lamarck's ideas can be woven in and make some sense. Sincerely, Jennifer.". Destiny has, what, three brothers and sisters that also were raised with her? Kammerer thought, "Wow. You know, they say it only takes one time. Just a little. One time, and I'm on flighter. In RadioLab a laboratory setting is used, in which the player receives radioactive stones that emit alpha, beta and gamma radiation particles. And at a time when you're not making the best decisions anyway. Yeah, it was a very attractive theory to them in Moscow. JAD: But according to Kammerer, here's what happened when he heated up the toads little cage. Inheritance, what you can move on to the next generation and what you can't. I got these genes from somewhere, but I kind of feel like she was a surrogate, like she carried me for my real mom. ROBERT: I think that makes a lot of sense. It goes back to the 1800s. Okay, well of them, don't really know what happened to her. But this stuff you're telling me about Sweden feels very grim in a certain way. PAT: Yeah. LULU: Yeah, thats it. You dont really say it to yourself that way, but yeah. CARL ZIMMER: And he makes a very careful study of this hand. Putting this into context, you know, you have a rat mom and they have about 16 to 20 babies. PAT: But a year later, the social worker called again. You have to do that for five hours a day for six consecutive days. The event that really sets this story in motion, the set of events, happened a few months after Barbara had brought Destiny home. If they see methyl groups sitting on that bit of DNA, they are pissed. I mean, I'm married to a Black man. We neuter them.". JAD: That is impossible, so far as we know, but there seems to be this layer on top of the genes. You know? Lamarck said, You wanna know how a giraffe got its long neck?, One day this giraffe, mother giraffe, lets say, was looking up in the tree and saw some fruit, and had to stretch he neck, and stretch again. Listen Feb 3, 2023 Ukraine: The Handoff Pregnancy, and choice, in a war. PAT: In this magazine article, Barbara even said, quote, "We don't allow dogs to breed. ], You get them $200 each, which they can spend on crack. JAD: And these things are called, apparently, methyl groups. This great. I think the Swedish data are really, really strong, and very reliable. So here's what you're going to notice. He had one remaining midwife toad. ROBERT: Because there is more data, more information about the people of verkalix, going farther back into the past than you can find almost anywhere else on Earth. I'm almost done. And very often, one of them will just go crashing into the DNA and it'll stick there like a barnacle or a glob of peanut butter. She's 22 now and she's never even met her birth mom. This is Radiolab. She and I snuck away from the children into her office. That was amazing. His example with humans was a blacksmith. Michael was in school and he got interested in a very, very basic question about how things get passed down? JAD: Just to be sure, we asked Frances Champagne what she thinks of this data. They have six, seven, eight, ten, fourteen.]. We travel to Ukraine to follow a shipment of abortion pills, and discover a complicated conversation about pregnancy and choice in wartime. I know what I'll do, I'm going to set up a terrarium for them and I'm going to make it hot, really uncomfortably hot. And um Doctors would later explain to Barbara that Destiny's mom had been addicted to drugs while she was pregnant. FRANCES CHAMPAGNE: You know, you've got all these chemicals around. That doesn't matter. And I think that no, I didn't plan on it but I wouldn't take her back for anything because she made me better. MICHAEL MEANEY: Mom's licking activates serotonin. And one of them is called the thyroid system. Barbara Harris says she's convinced more than a dozen women], Have accepted her offer to be sterilized in return for money.]. Also, thanks to Carl Zimmer whose latest is Evolution: Making Sense of Life. Move on to the next cage yes, no? They both say that they actually often forget that they're not biologically related. But it failed. So here's what you're going to notice. JAD: They suddenly had to get by on a tiny fraction of the food that they were used to. Or very many of them right at all, but, you know, his basic idea seems to be true. You're now hearing Lamarck's name invoked these days because there are things beyond genes that we pass down to our children. By Recode Staff Updated Oct 25, 2017, 12:01am. That, in a sort of ass backward way was Michael's question. "To Whom It May Concern, I have been doing very good. ROBERT: So, the thought is, when those little boys in verkalix were really, really hungry, their hunger started a chemical process that reached all the way down to the DNA inside the boy's sperm. More information about Sloan at www.sloan.org.]. JAD: Well, its offensive. This whole toad thing, to the Darwinian faction, it didn't scan really. PAT: And as soon as she got there to pick him up, she could tell that something was wrong. And Destiny says she doesn't really care DESTINY HARRIS: I got these genes from somewhere, but I kind of feel like she was a surrogate, like she carried me for my real mom. SECTION I - Story 1 (Lamark, Krammerer & the Midwife Toads) 1. So yeah, she keeps me busy. CARL ZIMMER: She carries your kids for nine months and you're like, "That poor male toad.". Then she goes, "Oh wait, I didn't give birth to you. All rights reserved. JAD: One parent stretching isnt going to do anything, see thats the bummer of Darwinian evolution. JAD: Don't you see, somehow the mother's tongue is getting all the way down in there and going [mumbles] and messing with the baby's DNA. Assuming that you can survive the ordeal, and you grow up, and you have kids of your own, the data seems to say that your kids will benefit from your suffering. Then World War One came and that disrupted everything. You just haven't evolved for this and there's no way you can, at least not quickly. [1] Radiolab was founded by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich in 2002. JAD: Or very many of them right at all, but, you know, his basic idea seems to be true. CARL ZIMMER: He was revealing it with experiments. LATIF: This is Radiolab. You cant say that. We spay them. She said, "Well, she's just beautiful and she has lips like a baby doll." Can you say oh my goodness? I'm not saying that these women are dogs but they're not acting any more responsible than a dog in heat. I wouldn't want to put it up to chance, because what kind of life is that? JAD: What's he talking about? You know what they're going to go do with that money. JAD: You can imagine these toads are like, "Dammit, fine. JAD: Everybody we talked to seems to think there's something really interesting going on here. Meet Jeremiah! We went to the foster home and went in. I know! Maybe more. There was a newspaper called The Daily Express and they have these headlines that come out. What happens when moms lick their pups is that the pup beccomes aroused. DESTINY HARRIS: Honestly, I think it never seemed like she was anything but my real mom, if that makes sense. Because the truth is, you have no idea how these kids are going to turn out. DESTINY HARRIS: Are you going to kick it? JAD: Well think about it, this is nature and nurture slamming into each other. Saying the mother had given birth to a baby girl, did we want her? We had an expression here, "Dig where you stand." She's 20 months old. Stretching got into the baby. So that was just funny to me. JAD: No, not brain cells. What do you mean? We need to oblige the constraints of WNYC copyright arrangements and apologise for any inconveniences caused. SAM KEAN: And he would basically turn the heat way, way up in these aquariums until they had to go underwater. That's what I remember her saying. Famine again, and these changes would just bounce back and forth. I got to say this is spooky. ", PAT: In other words, "Could I pay women who have drug problems to stop having babies?". Thyroid hormones then get into the brain and they turn on certain neural chemical signals. ROBERT: Okay, so lets get going and stick with your boy, Lamarck, just for a sec. More of this particular protein. Because when a woman uses heroin while she's pregnant, the fetus gets hooked on it too. This assignment is from the free science education website Science Prof Online(ScienceProfOnline.com). You are not God. And according to Barbara, the majority of the women she pays are white. More brain cells? In any case, what they saw at the end of all this counting wasWell, first of all, what they saw was this pattern that rat pups who got licked a lot as babies, when they grew up, they licked their babies a lot and the rat pups who didn't get licked a lot, when they grew up, they didn't lick their babies. BARBARA HARRIS: He wasn't a little happy baby. It would be wrong to think that they represent all women who use drugs while they're pregnant. I mean, when you look at the records, you don't see huge spikes in mortality. More what kind of stuff? Its something I still think about all the time. Radiolab 50.3K subscribers Subscribe 29 1.5K views 6 months ago On this episode, the case that pushed one Supreme Court justice to a nervous breakdown, brought a boiling feud to a head, and. But she says she doesn't feel that way anymore. These women don't just have one and two babies. JAD: His big idea, as you might know, is that what a person does in their lifetime could be directly passed to their kids. Methyl groups are pretty sticky, they're hard to get off. I make a difference to her. MICHAEL MEANEY: Yeah, it drifts into something like a shopping channel. PAT: Filled with dozens of letters from women that she's paid. He'd fall asleep and just wake up screaming. And in one day, we can imagine, he gets curious. The event that really sets this story in motion, the set of events, happened a few months after Barbara had brought Destiny home. SAM KEAN: They wanted to see basically the effects of starvation on multiple generations. JAD: I tell you what I'm going to do though. ROBERT: Cause we were talking to science writer, Carl Zimmer, and he told us that back in the early 1900s, this tension between Lamarck and Darwin got extra tense. Riksarkivet. CARL ZIMMER: And in1923, he actually comes to England. Yes, but creating an assumption that there is a class of people who don't deserve to procreate, who aren't worthy of procreating the human race, leads you down a path that we should have great concern about. OLOV BYGREN: It's a small forest area, very beautiful. SAM KEAN: I should add too. LULU: In a very real way, we've been thinking a lot about inheritance. So. [ARCHIVAL CLIP, Jad Abumrad: Well lets lets read the book first. 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